Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Based Gel as Patchouli Oil Delivery : Physical Characteristic and In Vivo Skin Irritation Test

Fransisca Dita Mayangsari; Aditya Sindu Sakti; Merry Anggelya Mentari

doi:10.35451/vc33d509

Authors

Fransisca Dita Mayangsari Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan
Aditya Sindu Sakti Department of Natural Product Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Khairun, Ternate
Merry Anggelya Mentari Bachelor of Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Lamongan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35451/vc33d509

Keywords:

NLC , Physical Characteristic , Patchouli oi, Skin irritation, NLC based gel

Abstract

Patchouli oil (PO) contained patchoulol, which has antioxidant activity, making it a valuable ingredient in anti-aging products. However, this oil is volatile and chemically unstable. Therefore, it needs to be formulated into a Nanostructured Lipid Carriers based gel (NBG). This study aims to observe the effect of PO’s concentration on the physical characteristics and skin irritation of NBG preparations. NBG consists of 50% NLC and 50% gel. There are three formulas observed in this study, namely NBG-0 (0% PO), NBG-2 (2% PO), NBG-4 (4% PO). NLC prepared using the High Shear Homogenization method. Based on the physical characteristics test, it is known that all formulas have differences in the aroma aspect, where NBG-0 odorless, while NBG-2 and NBG-4 have a patchouli scent. All formula do not have differences in color and consistency. All formula have a pH in the range of 5.92 - 6.21. Statistically, increasing the concentration of PO decreases the pH of NBG. The three formulas have a viscosity in the range of 4.493 - 9.880 cP. Statistically, viscosity of NBG increasased by increasing concentration of PO. Based on in vivo skin irritation tests using white mice, it is known that all formulas have the same IIP (Primary Irritation Index) value. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the concentration of PO (0%, 2%, 4%) affects the aroma, pH and viscosity aspects but does not affect the color and consistency of NBG. Increasing the PO concentration in NBG up to 4% did not cause skin irritation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Azizah SR, Qotrunnada N, Suraya silvia vagatha, Ferdiansyah helmi yahya, Pratiwi elasari dwi. Pemanfaatan Essential Oils Sebagai Aromaterapi Dalam Perawatan Kulit. MEDFARM: Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan. 2022;11(1):62–77.

2. Ginting Z, Ishak, Ilyas M. Analisa Kandungan Patchouli Alcohol Dalam Formulasi Sediaan Minyak Nilam Aceh Utara (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) Sebagai Zat Pengikat Pada Parfum (Eau De Toilette). Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal. 2021;10(1):12–23.

3. Mukhtar T, Widayat HP, Abubakar Y. Analisis Kualitas Minyak Nilam dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Petani Dalam Memilih Ketel Penyulingnya. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia. 2020;12(2):78–85.

4. Arpima zahrah eza, Nurjanah S, Widyasanti A, Nurhad B, Rialita T, Lembong E. AGROINTEK : Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian. AGROINTEK: Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian Agrointek: 2020;14(2):139–47.

5. Dina RM, Safliany FC, Nur AT, Al-Annari H, Ananta DA, Zulfahrizal Z. Pendugaan Kadar Patchouli Alkohol Pada Minyak Nilam Variasi Menggunakan Teknologi Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Dengan Metode Partial Least Square Regression. Rona Teknik Pertanian. 2023;16(1):35–44.

6. Firmansyah F, Wulandari W, Muhtadi WK, Nofriyanti N. Optimasi Formula Nanoemulsi Antioksidan Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dengan Metode Box Behnken Design. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia. 2022 Dec 27;8(2):294–306.

7. Teruna HY, Rahayu WN. Analisis komponen minyak atsiri daun nilam (Pogostemon cablin) lokal Pekanbaru menggunakan GC-MS. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia. 2021;13(1):19–24.

8. Hussen NH amin, Abdulla SK, Ali NM, Ahmed VA, Hasan AH, Qadir EE. Role of antioxidants in skin aging and the molecular mechanism of ROS: A comprehensive review. Vol. 5, Aspects of Molecular Medicine. Elsevier B.V.; 2025.

9. Satrialdi, Putri PA, Lumintang YA. Pengembangan Formula Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Sebagai Pembawa Minyak Atsiri Melati (Jasminum officinale L.) Serta Potensi Aktivitas Antioksidan. Majalah Farmasi Farmakologi. 2023;27(2):32–8.

10. Aryani R, Hidayat AF, Karimah AZ. Desain Dan Optimasi NLC (Nanostructured Lipid Carriers) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Dengan Variasi Lipid. JIF Farmasyifa. 2021;4(1):41–8.

11. Viegas C, Patrício AB, Prata JM, Nadhman A, Chintamaneni PK, Fonte P. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles vs. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Comparative Review. Vol. 15, Pharmaceutics. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2023.

12. Fachriani RA, Safitri PGA, Chasanah U, Mayangsari FD. Pengaruh Waktu Pengadukan Terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Menggunakan Metode High Shear Homogenization. Majalah Farmasetika. 2022;8(1):95.

13. Gyanewali S, Kesharwani P, Sheikh A, Jalees F, Trivedi R, Talegaonkar S. protransfersomal gel of anti-resorptive drug in osteoporosis treatment. Int J Pharm. 2021;608(May):121060.

14. Fidayanti A, Mayangsari FD, Pratiwi ED. Evaluation of Skin Irritation Level and Effectiveness of Foot Sleeping Mask Containing Tengkawang Fat in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers System. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM). 2025 Apr 30;7(2):284–92.

15. Arrohmah N. Pengaruh Penambahan Minyak Kulit Jeruk Manis Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Body Lotion Sleeping Mask yang Mengandung Koenzim Q10 dalam NLC [Skripsi]. [Lamongam]: Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan; 2024.

16. Sari EY, Mutia C, Fitri ZS, Sakhi RATN, Maharini I, Elisma. Formulasi Sediaan Nanoemulgel dari Ekstrak Resin Jernang (Daemonorops draco (Wild.)) untuk Penyembuhan Luka Bakar pada Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Farmasimed (JFM) [Internet]. 2025;7(2). Available from: https://ejournal.medistra.ac.id/index.php/JFM

17. Nurussakinah N, Fhitriana S, Khairani TN, Utari S. Formulasi Sediaan Masker Clay Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera L.) Sebagai Anti-Aging. Jurnal Farmasimed (JFM). 2023 Oct 31;6(1):1–8.

18. Mayangsari FD, Erawati T, Soeratri W, Noorma R. Karakteristik dan Stabilitas Fisik NLC-Koenzim Q10 dalam Sleeping Mask dengan Minyak Nilam Characteristics. Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2021;8(2):178–86.

19. Noor M, Malahayati S, Nastiti K. Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Toner Wajah Ekstrak Buah Pare (Momordica charantia L) Sebagai Anti Jerawat Dengan Variasi Surfaktan. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2023;5(1):133–45.

20. Khasanah U, Rochman MF. Stabilitas Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Coenzyme Q10 Dengan Variasi Waktu Pengadukan. Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik. 2022;18(2):55.

21. Mayangsari FD, Kusumo DW, Muarifah Z. Antiaging Sleeping Mask Dengan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Delima Merah. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2022;8(2):302–10.

22. Khotimah K. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Minyak Lavender Terhadap Tingkat Kesukaan dan Iritasi Kulit dari Antiaging Night Body Lotion yang Mengandung NLC-Ubikuinon [Skripsi]. [Lamongan]: Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan; 2024.

23. Aryantini D, Kristianingsih I, Kurniawati E. Sifat Fisik dan Uji Iritasi Akut Dermal Soothing Gel Kombinasi Lidah Buaya dan Buah Naga. Parapemikir Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi [Internet]. 2020;9(2):7–13. Available from: http://ejournal.poltektegal.ac.id/index.php/parape

24. Arifin A, Ida N. Formulasi Dan Uji Iritasi Sediaan Lulur Krim Cangkang Sotong ( Sepia Sp .) Terhadap Kelinci ( Oryctolagus Cuniculus ). Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2023;5(1):68–83.

25. Khairan K, Husna N, Maisyarah H, Diah M. Formulation and Evaluation of Liquid Perfumes from Natural Fragrance Using Patchouli Oil Khairan. Indonesian Journal Of Pharmaceutial Science And Technology. 2025;12(2):119–29.

26. Rochman MF, Darmawan A, Wardhana P. Sistem Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Lemak Padat Poloksamer dan Asam Stearat dengan Lemak Cair Minyak Kedelai Nanostructured Lipid Carriers System Solid Lipid Poloxamer and Stearic Acid with Liquid Lipid Soybean Oil. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento. 2022;8(1):1–7.

27. Múnera-Echeverri A, Múnera-Echeverri JL, Segura-Sánchez F. Bio-Pesticidal Potential of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Thyme and Rosemary Essential Oils against Common Ornamental Flower Pests. Colloids and Interfaces. 2024;8(5).

28. Azevedo MA, Cerqueira MA, Gonçalves C, Amado IR, Teixeira A, Pastrana L. Encapsulation of vitamin D3 using rhamnolipids-based nanostructured lipid carriers. Food Chem. 2023;427(January).

29. Lüdtke FL, Stahl MA, Grimaldi R, Cardoso LP, Gigante ML, Ribeiro APB. High oleic sunflower oil and fully hydrogenated soybean oil nanostructured lipid carriers: Development and characterization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2022;654(April):130039.

30. Abdullah A, Sopyan I. Review: Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Sebagai Sistem Penghantaran Obat Rute Oral. Majalah Farmasetika. 2024;9(6):526–45.

31. Shi Z, Pan S, Wang L, Li S. Topical gel based nanoparticles for the controlled release of oleanolic acid: design and in vivo characterization of a cubic liquid crystalline anti-inflammatory drug. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):1–13.

32. Kusumaningrum hermin pancasakti, Nimah rizqi sa adatun, Nurlindasari Y, Imrani A, Arrois S, Pornomo E, et al. Patchouli Oil Analysis of Chemical Components Using. 11th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences and its Application (ISNPINSA) AIP. 2023;040026–1(January).

33. Ayudina Asti Puspita P, Luh Arpiwi N, Wayan Sudatri N. Daya proteksi minyak atsiri bunga kenanga (Cananga odorata ) dalam sediaan lotion antinyamuk terhadap Aedes aegypti The protection ability of cananga (Cananga odorata) essential oil in anti-mosquito lotion against Aedes aegypti. Jurnal Biologi Udayana. 2022;26(2):269–77.

34. Nisa HIA, Pambudi DB, Mugiyanto E. Journal of Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine. Journal of Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine. 2024;5(1):29–39.

35. Tsabitah AF, Zulkarnain AK, Wahyuningsih MSH, Nugrahaningsih DAA. Optimasi Carbomer, Propilen Glikol, dan Trietanolamin Dalam Formulasi Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia). Majalah Farmaseutik. 2020;16(2):111.

36. Iskandar B, Sidabutar SEB, Leny L. Formulasi dan Evaluasi Lotion Ekstrak Alpukat (Persea Americana) sebagai Pelembab Kulit. Journal of Islamic Pharmacy. 2021;6(1):14–21.

37. Aprilianti N, Sastyarina Y, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kefarmasian L, Tropis F. Optimasi Polivinilalkohol (PVA) Sebagai Basis Sediaan Gel Antijerawat Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Mulawarman Pharmaceutical Conference. 2020;17–21.

38. Rusli D, Amelia K, Gading Setia Sari S. Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) Dengan Variasi NaCMC Sebagai Basis. Jurnal Ilmiah Bakti Farmasi. 2023;6(1):7–12.