Formulation and Evaluation of Nanogel from Tubifex  Worms (Tubifex  sp.) as a Future Therapeutic Agent for Burn Wounds

Aminah Syarifuddin; Cucu Arum Dwi Cahya

doi:10.35451/p1z1pm37

Authors

Aminah Syarifuddin Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam
Cucu Arum Dwi Cahya Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35451/p1z1pm37

Keywords:

Cacing Sutera, Nanogel, Physical stability, White rats, Burn wounds

Abstract

Background: Burns are one of the most common types of injuries found in the community. Burn treatment tends to be relatively expensive, which often leads to suboptimal care and prolonged healing time. Therefore, innovation in pharmaceutical formulations that are more effective, affordable, and based on natural ingredients is needed. One of the widely used dosage forms is semisolid gel, as it is practical, non-sticky, and comfortable to use. Currently, nanogel development has attracted significant attention because it can enhance the absorption of active compounds, provide more controlled drug release, and reduce toxicity. Indonesia, with its rich biodiversity, has great potential for the exploration of natural materials, including the aquatic worm Tubifex sp. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate Tubifex sp.-based nanogel as a therapeutic agent for burn wounds. Methods: The study employed an experimental method, including physical stability tests of the nanogel and in vivo tests on male white rats with controlled burn injuries. Results: The results showed that all treatment groups experienced progressive wound diameter reduction over 14 days. The negative control showed only 36.6% healing, while the positive control reached 90%. The Tubifex sp. nanogel demonstrated promising results, with formula F1 (3.75%) and F2 (7.5%) achieving 80–86.6% healing, while formula F3 (15%) reached 93.3%, even surpassing the positive control. The effectiveness of the nanogel is believed to be related to the protein, collagen, and antioxidant content in Tubifex sp., which play important roles in tissue regeneration.Conclusion: Tubifex sp. nanogel has the potential to become an innovative, natural-based therapy for burn treatment in the future.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Fitriani, R., Lestari, W., & Putri, A. (2021). Potensi protein dan kolagen dalam regenerasi jaringan luka bakar: Tinjauan literatur. Jurnal Farmasi dan Sains Terapan, 8(2), 101–110.

2. Handayani, T., Sulastri, D., & Nuraini, P. (2022). Formulasi nanogel ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dan uji aktivitas penyembuhan luka bakar pada tikus putih. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 9(1), 45–54.

3. Haryanti, R., Dewi, K., & Andini, F. (2020). Efektivitas sediaan silver sulfadiazine dalam percepatan penyembuhan luka bakar. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 7(3), 221–229.

4. Pratiwi, D., Anggraini, F., & Widya, R. (2020). Aktivitas salep madu lebah terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan, 12(2), 67–75.

5. Sari, D., Lubis, H., & Fauziah, R. (2021). Gel ekstrak ikan gabus (Channa striata) sebagai terapi luka bakar: Studi in vivo pada tikus putih. Jurnal Biomedis dan Farmasi, 5(1), 33–42.

6. Wullur VM, Datu VV, Kristin Y, Kolang F, Takahindangen CJ, Komaling AV, et al. EFEKTIFITAS NANOGEL EKSTRAK KULIT PISANG GOROHO ( Musa acuminafe L . ) TERHADAP LUKA BAKAR PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus Novergicus). 2025;13(2):95–100.

7. Tsai SY, Lio CF, Yao WC, Liu CP, Shih SC, Wang TYT, et al. Cost-drivers of medical expenses in burn care management. Burns [Internet]. 2020;46(4):817–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2020.01.004

8. Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Kozioł M, Tobiasz M, Baj J, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Przekora A. Burn Wound Healing: Clinical Complications, Medical Care, Treatment, and Dressing Types: The Current State of Knowledge for Clinical Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3).

9. Pradita EY, Wahyuni S. Synthesis Of Chitosan-Alginate-Siam Orange (Citrus nobilis Lour) Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity. Indones J Chem Sci. 2023;12(1):58–69.

10. Dewi NPDC, Rata KPP, Gresitha M stella, Pradnaya IG. Combination of PVA Chitosan Collagen Membrane and Moringa oleifera Nano Gel for Oral Wound Healing ( Literature review ). Bali Dent Sci Exhib. 2024;Jan(1):1–9.

11. Ali A, Ali A, Rahman MA, Warsi MH, Yusuf M, Alam P. Development of Nanogel Loaded with Lidocaine for Wound-Healing: Illustration of Improved Drug Deposition and Skin Safety Analysis. Gels. 2022;8(8).

12. Kamenova K, Radeva L, Yoncheva K, Ublekov F, Ravutsov MA, Marinova MK, et al. Functional Nanogel from Natural Substances for Delivery of Doxorubicin †. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14(17):1–13.

13. Elkomy MH, Alruwaili NK, Elmowafy M, Shalaby K, Zafar A, Ahmad N, et al. Surface-Modified Bilosomes Nanogel Bearing a Natural Plant Alkaloid for Safe Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Inflammation. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(3).

14. Nurlita L, Sari WY, Ramadhan F. Studi Etnobotani Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat. J Farmasetis. 2023;12(4):457–72.

15. ALAM MA, KHAN MA, SAROWER-E-MAHFUJ M, ARA Y, PARVEZ I, AMIN MN. A model for tubificid worm (Tubifex Tubifex ) production and its effect on growth of three selected ornamental fish. Bangladesh J Fish. 2022;33(2):205–14.

16. Agustiani FRT, Sjahid LR, Nursal FK. Kajian Literatur : Peranan Berbagai Jenis Polimer Sebagai Gelling Agent Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sediaan Gel. Maj Farmasetika. 2022;7(4):270.

17. Yanti S, Yanti S, Arif MS, Yusuf B, Kimia PS, Mulawarman U, et al. SINTESIS DAN STABILITAS NANOPARTIKEL PERAK ( AgNPs ) MENGGUNAKAN TRINATRIUM SITRAT SYNTHESIS AND STABILITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ( AgNPs ) USING. Pros Semin Nas Kim. 2021;2:1–5.

18. Rosilina M, Maulana MT, Chempro S, Astuti DH. Sintesis dan Modifikasi Ukuran Partikel Nano-PCC dengan Penambahan Etilen Glikol. Chempro. 2023;3(1):45–50.

19. Chan WS, Santobuono M, D’Amico E, Selck H. The antidepressant, sertraline, impacts growth and reproduction in the benthic deposit feeder, Tubifex Tubifex . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2024;285(August):117134. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117134

20. Saputra D. Tinjauan Komprehensif tentang Luka Bakar Dan Penanganannya. J Sci Univ Andalas Padang [Internet]. 2023;207–18. Available from: http://journal.scientic.id/index.php/sciena/issue/view/12

21. Beda SJ, Ndaong NA, Almet J. Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Akasia (Acacia Auriculiformis) Sebagai Antihelmintik Terhadap Cacing Ascaris Suum. J Vet Nusant. 2022;5(2):11–21.

22. Idham S, Rasyid RN, Nanogel RNP. Potensi Nanogel Limbah Biji Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) Sebagai Antioksidan Pencegah Penuaan Dini Pada Kulit Wajah. J Mandala Pharmacon Indones. 2024;10(2):426–31.

23. Dipahayu D, Kusumo GG. Formulasi dan Evaluasi Nano Partikel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) Varietas Antin-3. J Sains dan Kesehat. 2021;3(6):781–5.

24. Nnamani PO, Ugwu AA, Nnadi OH, Kenechukwu FC, Ofokansi KC, Attama AA, et al. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal nanogel for delivery of artemether. Drug Deliv Transl Res [Internet]. 2021;11(4):1655–74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-021-00951-4

25. Mahdiani H, Yazdani F, Khoramipour M, Valizadeh V, Bakhshandeh H, Dinarvand R. Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid-Lysine Nanogels Containing Serratiopeptidase to Control Biofilm Formation. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2024;14(1):1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56732-9

26. Arias-Reyes C, Soliz J, Joseph V. Mice and Rats Display Different Ventilatory, Hematological, and Metabolic Features of Acclimatization to Hypoxia. Front Physiol. 2021;12(March):647882.

27. Laguliga JA, Erviani AE, Soekendarsi E. Test The Potency Of Jatropha Sap Jatropha Curcas Linn. On The Speed Of Wound Healing Burns On Therats Skin Rattus Norvegicus. Bioma J Biol Makassar [Internet]. 2021;6(2):74–83. Available from: http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/bioma.

28. Herlina H, Sianipar MA, Harahap HY, Aritonang B, Darmirani Y. Formulation of Body Scrub Containing Ethanol Extract of Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) as a Skin Moisturizer. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM). 2025 Apr 30;7(2):327-36.

29. Wati E, Darmirani Y. FORMULASI SEDIAAN LOTION EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea cenephora). Jurnal Farmasimed (Jfm). 2021 Apr 29;3(2):53-6.

30. Novasari H, Pratiwi A, Mahmiara N. Efektivitas Formulasi Sediaan Lotion Dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill) Sebagai Pelembab Kulit. Jurnal Farmasimed (Jfm). 2021 Apr 29;3(2):57-62.

31. Situmorang NB, Marbun RA. Formulation and Evaluation of Maggot Extract Nanocream (Hermatia illucens) as a Future Anti-Aging Candidate. Jurnal Farmasimed (JFM). 2025 Apr 30;7(2):143-50.