Pharmacognosy Study and Cytotoxicity of Sengkubak Leaf Extract (Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels) Against RAW 264.7 Cells
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v9i1.3425Keywords:
Pharmacognosy Study, Cytotoxic, RAW 264.7 Cells, Pycnarrhena caulifloraAbstract
Indonesia possesses abundant biodiversity with considerable potential for the development of alternative treatments for various diseases. Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels) is a wild plant found in West Kalimantan and Jambi. This plant has potential as a raw material for herbal medicine development. The objective of this study was to evaluate specific pharmacognostic parameters and cytotoxic activity using the MTT assay. An experimental study was conducted, including phytochemical screening, determination of loss on drying and ash content, and determination of the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol extracts. Cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay, with absorbance measured at 570 nm using an ELISA reader. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the sengkubak leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. The loss on drying values were 0.97 ± 0.03% for the ethyl acetate extract and 1.62 ± 0.27% for the 70% ethanol extract. The ash content values were 1.76 ± 0.05% and 9.840 ± 0.145% for the ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol extracts, respectively. The TPC values were 49.125 ± 1.253 and 52.481 ± 1.864 mg GAE/g for the ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol extracts, respectively. The TFC values were 42.526 ± 0.002 mg QE/g for the ethyl acetate extract and 28.029 ± 1.002 mg QE/g for the 70% ethanol extract. The antioxidant activity of the sengkubak leaf extracts, determined using the FRAP method, was 532.43 ± 0.427 mol/g for the ethyl acetate extract and 1123.70 ± 2.56 mol/g for the 70% ethanol extract. These values were lower than those observed for quercetin and gallic acid. Cytotoxicity testing showed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against RAW 264.7 cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 302.513 µg/mL, whereas the 70% ethanol extract exhibited very weak cytotoxic activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 813.807 µg/mL. Based on the cytotoxicity results, the safe concentration of the ethyl acetate extract for RAW 264.7 cells was below 62.5 µg/mL, whereas that of the 70% ethanol extract was below 250 µg/mL. In conclusion, the relatively low cytotoxicity of the sengkubak leaf extracts toward RAW 264.7 macrophage cells provides preliminary data supporting further investigation of their potential anti-inflammatory activity.
Downloads
References
[1]. Tritsari A dan Maryam A. Pengembangan Penyedap Bubuk Daun Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.) Sebagai Upaya Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia. Seminar Nasional Hasil Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. 2022;1(1):543–54.
[2]. Masriani M, Mustofa M, Jumina J, Sunarti S, Enawaty E. Cytotoxic and pro-apototic activities of crude alkaloid from root of sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers) Diels) in human breast cancer T47D cell line. Sch Acad J Biosci. 2014;2(5):336–40.
[3]. Masriani M, Rudiyansyah R, Muharini R, Enawaty E. Cytotoxic Activity of Stem of Pycnarrhena cauliflora through Apoptosis Induction on Human Breast Cancer Cell Line T47D. Pharm Sci Res. 2019;6(3):164–9.
[4]. Pamuji RW. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels) Terhadap Tikus Betina Galur Wistar Dengan Metode OECD 425. Naskah Publ. 2015;1–11.
[5]. Patel S, Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin A and Flavonoids. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(10):1–32.
[6]. Lestari F, Susanti I. Tumbuhan obat berpotensi imunomodulator di suku anak dalam bendar bengkulu. JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidik Biol). 2020;5(1):64–72.
[7]. Laksmitawati DR, Prasanti AP, Larasinta N, Syauta GA, Hilda R, Ramadaniati HU, et al. Anti-inflammatory potential of gandarusa (Gendarussa vulgaris nees) and soursoup (Annona muricata L) extracts in LPS stimulated-macrophage cell (RAW264.7). J Nat Remedies. 2016;16(2):73–81.
[8]. Novilla A, Khairinisa G, Rihibiha DD, Syahrian H, Shabri S. Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L.) Dari Gambung, Jawa Barat Terhadap Sel Makrofag Raw 264.7. Metamorf J Biol Sci. 2023;10(1):23–7.
[9]. Arel A, Wardi ES, Oktaviani Y. Profil Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Daun Berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.) Dan Uji Sitotoksik Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. J Katalisator. 2018;3(2):82–8.
[10]. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Edisi II. 2017. Jakarta.
[11]. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia . Farmakope Indonesia Edisi VI 2020. Jakarta
[12]. CCRC UGM. Subkultur Sel. Cancer Chemoprevention Res Cent Fak Farm UGM. 2009;1–3.
[13]. CCRC UGM. Panen Sel. Cancer Chemoprevention Res Cent Fak Farm UGM. 2009;1–3.
[14]. CCRC UGM. Uji Sitotoksik Metode MTT. Cancer Chemoprevention Res Cent Fak Farm UGM. 2013;1–8.
[15]. Susanty S, Bachmid F. Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi dan Refluks Terhadap Kadar Fenolik dari Ekstrak Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays L.). J Konversi. 2016;5(2):87–93.
[16]. Malik F, Malaka MH, Fristiohady A, Wahyuni W, Hamsidi R, Sahidin S, et al. Aktivitas Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Kasumba Turate (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) Terhadap Lini Sel Kanker Payudara T47D. J Farm Sains dan Prakt. 2021;7(3):384–92.
[17]. Supriyadi E, Mariani S, Sugiman S. Perbandingan Metode Partial Least Square (PLS) dan Principal Component Regression (PCR) untuk Mengatasi Multikolinearitas pada Model Regresi Linear Berganda. Unnes J Math. 2017;6(2):117–28.
[18]. Renggana H, Sadino A, Susanti R, Rahmi R, Sujana D. Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi-Fraksi Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Terhadap Sel Kanker Prostat DU 145 Dengan Metode MTT Assay. Med Sains J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2022;7(2):273–82.
[19]. Suwarman A, Astuti I, Pratiwi WR, Yahya SAS. Cytotoxicity of hantap (Sterculia oblongata Mast ) leaves extracts against breast cancer cell line (T47D): effect on apoptosis and caspase-3 mRNA expression. Indones J Pharmacol Ther. 2024;5(2):98–106.
[20]. Hortelano S, González-Cofrade L, Cuadrado I, de las Heras B. Current status of terpenoids as inflammasome inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020; 172:1–8.
[21]. Irwanto R., Novia R., Rantika W. Organoleptic Tests And Antioxidant Activity Of Black Soybean (Glycine soja L) Supplemented Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav). Jurnal Farmasimed (JFM). 2023; 6(1), 84-90. https://Doi.Org/10.35451/Jfm.V6i1.1952
[22]. Ladeska, V., Elya, B., Hanafi, M., Prastiwi, R., Dewanti, E., & Firmansyah, A. Z. In Silico and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Studies on Lipoxygenase Inhibitor from Tetracera indica Leaves. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2024; 32(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.2178
[23]. Ladeska, V., Elya, B., & Hanafi, M. Pharmacognostic evaluation and antioxidant capacity of Tetracera macrophylla Hook. F. & Thoms twigs. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Research. 2023; 11(3), 523-536. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1613_11.3.523
[24]. Lovena,T.N., Hari, D.G., Arief, E.J. Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels Of Cinnamon Leaf Infusion (Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume.) Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM). 2025; 8(1), 184-190. https://doi.org/10.35451/x2vajr20
[25]. Ladeska, V., Elya, B., Hanafi, M., & Rohmat, S. S. Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antioxidant Activities of Tetracera indica (Christm. and Panz.) Merr. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 2024; 31(5), 836-853. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.31.5.836-853
[26]. Hari, D.G., Lovena, T.N., Khairiah, U. Determination of Flavonoid Content of Ethanol Extract of Yellow Pumpkin Leaves (Cucurbita moschata Dulchesne ) Using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM). 2025; 8(1), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.35451/3rps7m67
[27]. Amin, A., Waris, R., Kurnia, N., Fadilla, N. Pharmacognostic Identification and Specific Quality Parameters of Blue Porterweed (Stachytarpheta jameicensis) Leaf Extract from Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM). 2025; 7(2), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v7i2.2477
[28]. Aslantürk, Özlem Sultan. In vitro cytotoxicity and cell viability assays: principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Genotoxicity-A predictable risk to our actual world 2 .2018; 64-80. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71923
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Vera Ladeska, Ema Dewanti, M.si, Wahyu Hidayati, Dia Parascaya Kemuning, Rini Prastiwi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright in each article is the property of the Author.
