Antibacterial Test of Sand Sea Cucumber Extract (Holothuria scabra) Against the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35451/dgys3y87Keywords:
Holothuria scabra, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Antibacterial, Zone of InhibitionAbstract
Background: Indonesia is a developing country with a high prevalence of infectious diseases with the most common cause being Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Treatment for S.aureus bacterial infection itself uses antibiotics. However, the high number of antibiotic resistance cases in Indonesia is a very important health problem. Indonesia itself is a country with a very wide sea so that a lot of marine wealth is very useful in health. One of them is sand sea cucumber which can help fight bacteria because it contains compounds such as saponins,and alkaloids, triterpenoids which are useful as antibacterials. The aims of the study is to determine the effectiveness of sand cucumber extract (Holothuria scabra) in various concentrations such as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% which is addressed through the inhibition zone produced against the growth of S.aureus bacteria. Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of Sand cucumber extract (Holothuria scabra) by measuring the inhibition zone produced using the disc diffusion method. Method: There were 6 treatment groups in this study 4 of which were treatment groups with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and 2 control groups, namely the positive control group (amoxicillin) and the negative control group (sterile distilled water) where each group was repeated 4x. Then the data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test and continued with Mann-Whitney U test. Result: The average inhibition zone with a concentration of 25% produced an average inhibition zone of 7.12 mm; 50% concentration of 8.37 mm; 75% concentration had an inhibition of 9.41%, in the 100% treatment group produced an average inhibition zone of 11.68mm, negative control showed no inhibition, and positive control with an average inhibition zone of 16.93 mm.The Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a significant mean difference between the 6 groups with a significant value of 0.001 (p<0.005). Conclusion: Sand cucumber extract (Holothuria scabra) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria so that it can be used as an alternative medicine or natural antibiotic.
Downloads
References
[1] Aba, L. and Rusliadi, R. (2020) ‘Inventarisasi Jenis Teripang (Holothuroidea) pada Zona Intertidal di Perairan Pulau Ottouwe Wakatobi’, SAINTIFIK, 6(1), pp. 31–43. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31605/saintifik.v6i1.249.
[2] Aditya, H.T. (2015) EKSTRAKSI DAUN MIMBA (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) dan DAUN MINDI (Melia azedarach) untuk UJI KANDUNGAN azadirachtin MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETER Extraction of Mimba’s Leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Extraction of Mindi’s Leaves (Melia azedarach) for Azadirachtin Test using Spectrophotometer. Universitas Diponegoro.
[3] Adji, A.S. et al. (2022) ‘A review of Leaves and Seeds Moringa oleifera Extract: The potential Moringa oleifera as Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiarrhoeal, And Antiulcer Approaches To Bacterial Gastroenteritis’, Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(F), pp. 305–313. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8894.
[4] Ahern, Gopal, R. and Tan (2018) BIOCHEMISTRY FREE FOR ALL.
[5] Akerina, F.O. and Sangaji, J. (2019) ‘Analisis Fitokimia dan Toksisitas serta Aktivitas Antioksidan Beberapa Jenis Teripang di Desa Kakara, Halmahera Utara’, Agrikan: Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan, 12(2), pp. 188–196. Available at: https://doi.org/10.29239/j.agrikan.12.2.188-196.
[6] Asriani Safitri, E., Fatmawati, A. and Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan, F. (2021) PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA Aktivitas Inhibisi Ekstrak Etanolik Ulva lactuca terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2021. Available at: http://.pji.ub.ac.id.
[7] ATCC (no date) ATCC: The Global Bioresource Center | ATCC. Available at: https://www.atcc.org/ (Accessed: 9 June 2023).
[8] Balafif, R.A.R., Andayani, Y. and Gunawan, E.R. (2013) ANALISIS SENYAWA TRITERPENOID DARI HASIL FRAKSINASI EKSTRAK AIR BUAH BUNCIS (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), Chem. Prog.
[9] Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. and Ibnsouda, S.K. (2016a) ‘Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Xi’an Jiaotong University, pp. 71–79. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005.
[10] Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. and Ibnsouda, S.K. (2016b) ‘Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), p. 71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHA.2015.11.005.
[11] Bordbar, S., Anwar, F. and Saari, N. (2011) ‘High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods-A Review’, Mar. Drugs, 9, pp. 1761–1805. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/md9101761.
[12] Bribi, N. (2018) ‘Pharmacological activity of Alkaloids: A Review Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids in DNBS, DSS and Acetic Acid Models View project Pharmacological activity of Alkaloids: A Review’, Asian Journal of Botany, 1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.63019/ajb.v1i2.467.
[13] Brooks, Geo. et al. (2013) Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 26/E. McGraw-Hill Publishing.
[14] Cheung, G.Y.C., Bae, J.S. and Otto, M. (2021) ‘Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus’, Virulence, 12(1), p. 547. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688.
[15] debang, V.A.P. (2019) uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak teripang pasir (Holothuria scabra) terhadap bakteri jerawat propionibacterium acnes, staphylococcus epidermis dan Staphylococcus aureus.
[16] Desrini S (2015) Resistensi Antibiotik, Akankah Dapat Dikendalikan ?, JKKI. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2011/factsheet_tb_2011.pdf.
[17] Dima, L., Fatimawali and Lolo, W.A. (2016) View of UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus. Available at: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/pharmacon/article/view/12273/11842 (Accessed: 15 April 2023).
[18] Ervianingsih et al. (2019) ‘Antimicrobial activity of moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera L.) extract against the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis’, in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Institute of Physics Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012145.
[19] Fad, G. and Arma, U. (2017) UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK TERIPANG GAMAT (Stichopus Variegatus) DARI KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI TERHADAP BAKTERI STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS, Jurnal B-Dent.
[20] Hambali, M., Mayasari, F. and Noermansyah, F. (2015) ‘Ekstraksi_Antosianin_Dari_Ubi_Jalar_Deng’.
[21] Kadek, I. et al. (2013) ‘POLA KEPEKAAN Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIKA DI RSUP SANGLAH PADA AGUSTUS 2013-OKTOBER 2013’.
[22] Kennelly, P.J. et al. (2023) Harper’s illustrated biochemistry.
[23] KKP (2020) KKP | Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Available at: https://kkp.go.id/djprl/artikel/21045-konservasi-perairan-sebagai-upaya-menjaga-potensi-kelautan-dan-perikanan-indonesia (Accessed: 13 April 2023).
[24] Kurniawan, Eva Adining and Supriyadi (2021) ‘Prevalensi Bakteri Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Pada Peralatan Laboratorium’, Surabaya : The Journal of Muhamadiyah Medical Laboratory Technologist, 2(4), pp. 188–200.
[25] Nasution, S. (2017) ‘VARIABEL PENELITIAN’, Jurnal Raudhah, 5(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.30829/RAUDHAH.V5I2.182.
[26] Nurhayati, L.S., Yahdiyani, N. and Hidayatulloh, A. (2020) ‘Perbandingan Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Starter Yogurt dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran dan Metode Difusi Cakram’, Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 1(2), p. 41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24198/jthp.v1i2.27537.
[27] Nuryah, A., Yuniarti, N. and Puspitasari, I. (2019) ‘Prevalensi dan Evaluasi Kesesuaian Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien dengan Infeksi Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus di RSUP Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro Klaten Prevalence and Evaluation of Suitability of Antibiotic use in Patients with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in RSUP Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro Klaten’, | Majalah Farmaseutik, 15(2), pp. 123–129. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22146/farmaseutik.v15i2.47911.
[28] Park, J.Y. and Seo, K.S. (2022a) ‘Staphylococcus aureus’, Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, pp. 555–584. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819972.ch21.
[29] Park, J.Y. and Seo, K.S. (2022b) ‘Staphylococcus aureus’, Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, pp. 555–584. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819972.ch21.
[30] Pollitt, E.J.G. et al. (2018) ‘Staphylococcus aureus infection dynamics’, PLOS Pathogens, 14(6), p. e1007112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PPAT.1007112.
[31] Portuna Putra Kambaya (2021) Uji Efek Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) sebagai Kandidat Bahan Medikamen Saluran Akar Gigi terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus secara In Vitro, MULAWARMAN DENTAL JOURNAL.
[32] Putra, A.B. et al. (2014) ‘JURNAL KIMIA (JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY)’.
[33] Rahardjanto, N.A. et al. (2018) BUKU PANDUAN MUDAHNYA BUDI DAYA TERIPANG.
[34] Rai, S. et al. (2021) ‘Plant-Derived Saponins: A Review of Their Surfactant Properties and Applications’. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202108.0152.v1.
[35] Rasheed, N.A. and Hussein, N.R. (2021) Staphylococcus aureus: An Overview of Discovery, Characteristics, Epidemiology, Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Short Title: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview, European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine.
[36] Riwanti, P., Izazih, F. and Amaliyah, A. (2020) ‘Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol pada Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 50,70 dan 96% Sargassum polycystum dari Madura’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Care Anwar Medika (J-PhAM), 2(2), pp. 82–95. Available at: https://doi.org/10.36932/JPCAM.V2I2.1.
[37] Roni, A., Al-Muti, aditya S. and Kusriani, R.H. (2020) AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIBAKTERI DARI EKSTRAK DAGING DAN USUS TERIPANG GAMAT (Stichopus Variegatus) | Roni | Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari. Available at: https://journal.uniga.ac.id/index.php/JFB/article/view/687/670 (Accessed: 13 April 2023).
[38] Santosaningsih, D. et al. (2016) ‘Characterisation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates harbouring mecA or Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes from four tertiary care hospitals in Indonesia’, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 21(5), pp. 610–618. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12692.
[39] Sendler, M., Mayerle, J. and Lerch, M.M. (2018) ‘Molecular basis of diseases of the exocrine pancreas’, Molecular Pathology: The Molecular Basis of Human Disease, pp. 457–476. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802761-5.00021-3.
[40] Sinto, R. (2020) Peran Penting Pengendalian Resistensi Antibiotik pada Pandemi COVID-19, Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia |. Available at: https://covid19.who.int.
[41] Sudarmi, K. et al. (2017) ‘UJI FITOKIMIA DAN DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN JUWET (Syzygium cumini) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus ATCC PHYTOCHEMICAL AND INHIBITION OF JUWET LEAF EXTRACT (Syzygium cumini) ON GROWTH Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus ATCC’. Available at: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/simbiosis.
[42] Sumayya, S.S., Lubaina, A.S. and Murugan, K. (2020) ‘Bactericidal Potentiality of Purified Terpenoid Extracts from the Selected Sea Weeds and its Mode of Action’, Journal of Tropical Life Science, 10(3), pp. 197–205. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11594/JTLS.10.03.03.
[43] supaya (2019) INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF LABORATORY, JOURNAL OF LABORATORY. Online.
[44] Ulfa, R. (2021) ‘Variabel penelitian dalam pendidikan’.
[45] Umboh, P.M., Wewengkang, S. and Yamlean, P.V.Y. (2018) AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI TERIPANG LAUT Holothuria atra TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus, PHARMACONJurnal Ilmiah Farmasi-UNSRAT.
[46] Wandira, E. et al. (2016) Aktivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) dan Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.
[47] Widiani, P.I. and Pinati, K.J.P. (2020) View of UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA). Available at: https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eum/article/view/59903/34719 (Accessed: 13 April 2023).
[48] Xiao, Y. and Cai, W. (2020) ‘Autophagy and bacterial infection’, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1207, pp. 413–423. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_29/COVER.
[49] Yan, Y. et al. (2021) ‘antibiotics Review Research Progress on Antibacterial Activities and Mechanisms of Natural Alkaloids: A Review’. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics.
[50] York, N. et al. (2019) Medical Microbiology Twenty-Eighth Edition. Available at: www.mhprofessional.com.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Carens Sintha Iralin De Ivanka, R.Varidianto Y.T, Suliman Purwoko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright in each article is the property of the Author.
