Profile of Incidence and Risk Factors of Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v9i1.3862Keywords:
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypoglycemia, Risk Factors, Therapeutic Rationality, Logistic RegressionAbstract
Background: Hypoglycemia is one of the most dangerous acute adverse effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) treatment and is an important indicator of patient safety during hospitalization. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the incidence and risk factors of hypoglycemia among hospitalized patients with T2DM. Methods: This analytical observational study employed a prospective cohort design involving 72 hospitalized patients with T2DM at RSU Haji Medan from January to April 2026. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, medication appropriateness based on the six rights (6T) criteria, and potential drug interactions involving medications for comorbidities were collected from medical records and daily monitoring. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. Results: Hypoglycemia occurred in 24 of 72 patients (33.3%). Bivariate analysis revealed no significant associations between hypoglycemia and age, sex, duration of diabetes, body mass index, HbA1c levels, treatment regimen, or potential drug interactions involving medications for comorbidities (p > 0.05). However, medication appropriateness was significantly associated with hypoglycemia (p = 0.039). Multivariate logistic regression identified medication appropriateness as an independent predictor of hypoglycemia (p = 0.050; Exp(B) = 12.281; 95% CI: 1.000–150.854), with an overall model classification accuracy of 75.0%. Conclusion: The appropriateness of antidiabetic therapy was associated with hypoglycemia among hospitalized patients with T2DM. Strengthening medication reviews is essential to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia and improve patient safety
Downloads
References
1. Widiasari KR, Wijaya IMK, Suputra PA. Diabetes melitus tipe 2: faktor risiko, diagnosis, dan tatalaksana. Ganesha Med. 2021;1(2):114.
2. Lestari L, Zulkarnain Z. Diabetes melitus: review etiologi, patofisiologi, gejala, penyebab, cara pemeriksaan, cara pengobatan dan cara pencegahan. Pros Semin Nas Biol. 2021;7(1):237–41.
3. Sánchez-González BC, Torres-González MTVG. Main clinical factors associated with hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aportación Orig. 2025;63:2–6.
4. Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Giordano M. Influence of gender in diabetes mellitus and its complication. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1–13.
5. Polotoy SH, Damopolii N. Hubungan indeks massa tubuh dengan kadar gula darah sewaktu pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kabila. Kolaboratif Sains. 2025;7199–208.
6. Fanany MA, Iriani A. Hubungan durasi terdiagnosis diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan kejadian kematian pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Budi Kemuliaan Kota Batam. J Kesehat Kedokt. 2024;1(2):57–67.
7. Mannan A, Ahmed FA. The relationship between medical comorbidities and health-related quality of life among adults with type 2 diabetes: the experience of different hospitals in southern Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2022;17(5):1–17.
8. Martina FS. Profil HbA1c pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe II di Rumah Sehat Baznas Jakarta tahun 2021. J Wacana Kesehat. 2024;9(2):76–81.
9. Anisawati W, Wibowo IW. Evaluasi ketepatan penggunaan obat antidiabetes pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 rawat jalan di salah satu rumah sakit Kabupaten Jember. J Pharmacon. 2024;378–83.
10. Jabbar A, Ismail MI. Rationality of antidiabetic use for type-II diabetes mellitus patients at Kendari City Hospital. Indones J Pharm Sci Technol. 2024;53–67.
11. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Indonesia 2021. Jakarta: PB PERKENI; 2021.
12. Mola MM, Purbaningsih A. Evaluasi penggunaan obat antidiabetik pasien geriatri diabetes melitus tipe 2 rawat inap RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta Selatan tahun 2023. Farm Klin Best Pract. 2023;14–28.
13. Saputri GZ, Aini SA. Kajian interaksi obat pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan komorbid hipertensi rawat jalan di rumah sakit area Kota Yogyakarta. J Insan Farm Indones. 2026;9(1):66–80.
14. Lubis SH. Patofisiologi hiperglikemia pada diabetes melitus. In: Bookchapter Diabetes Melitus Vol 3, Nomor 1. Jakarta: PT Nuansa Fajar Cemerlang; 2026. p. 42–56.
15. Elsavina Margi Rahayu A, Fitri DT. Dampak pemberian insulin terhadap risiko hipoglikemia: kajian literatur. J Ilm Keperawat. 2026;12(1):90–104.
16. Siahaan M, Roristua S. Studi rasionalitas penggunaan obat antidiabetes pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RSU Imelda Pekerja Indonesia. J Kesehat Sejaht. 2025;2(2):98–109.
17. Kurnianta PDM, Indraswari GA. Evaluasi rasionalitas penggunaan antidiabetes oral pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 rawat inap Rumah Sakit Nasional di Dili. J Farm Indones. 2022;19(1):148–60.
18. Shuvo SD, Tarafder MTR. Prevalence of comorbidities and its associated factors among type-2 diabetes patients: a hospital-based study in Jashore District, Bangladesh. BMJ Open. 2023;1–10.
19. Sharoh Y, Br R. Hubungan usia dan lama menderita diabetes melitus dengan kemampuan deteksi hipoglikemia pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. J Ilm Wijaya. 2023;15(1):93–103.
20. Pasaeno NA, Aling BA. Hubungan rasionalitas penggunaan obat antidiabetes dengan kadar glukosa darah sewaktu pasien rawat jalan diabetes melitus tipe II di UPTD Puskesmas Laosu. J Pharm Mandala Waluya. 2025;4(4):303–10.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Melinda Priani, Salmah Handayani Lubis, Fenny Hasanah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright in each article is the property of the Author.
