Evaluation of Antibiotics Utilization Pattern Among Outpatients with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) at Taraman Public Health Center, East Ogan Komering Ulu in 2025 Using the ATC/DDD and DU 90% Methods
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v9i1.3871Keywords:
Acute Respiratory Infection, Antibiotic Utilization, ATC/DDD, DU90%, Primary Health CareAbstract
Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the most common conditions managed in primary healthcare and contribute substantially to antibiotic prescribing. Monitoring antibiotic utilization is important to identify prescribing patterns and support antimicrobial stewardship efforts. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) and Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) methodologies provide standardized approaches for evaluating medicine utilization. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic utilization among outpatients with ARIs at Taraman Public Health Center, East OKU Regency, Indonesia, using the ATC/DDD and DU90% methods. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of 77 ARI outpatients who received antibiotics at Taraman Public Health Center from January to December 2025. Antibiotic use was classified using the ATC system and quantified by DDD. The DU90% segment was determined based on DDD contribution. Associations between patient characteristics and antibiotic type were analyzed using the Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test in IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Result: Among the 77 patients included, amoxicillin was the most frequently utilized antibiotic, with a utilization value of 661.54 DDD/ [appropriate denominator]. Amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and cefixime accounted for the DU90% segment. No significant association was observed between antibiotic type and sex (p = 0.531) or age group (p = 0.282). Conclusion: Antibiotic use in ARI outpatients at Taraman Public Health Center was dominated by amoxicillin. Amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and cefixime accounted for the DU90% segment. These findings support antibiotic monitoring and antimicrobial stewardship in primary healthcare.
Downloads
References
[1] I. H. Ali, Hamka, and S. N. Male, “Karakteristik Epidemiologi Penyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) di Puskesmas Telaga Biru,” J. Kesehat. Tadulako, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 370–378, 2024.
[2] S. W. Syahaya, M. Mamlukah, and I. Indrayani, “Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan Dengan Risiko Terjadinya Ispa Pada Balita Di Desa Sukamukti Kecamatan Jalaksana Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun 2021,” J. Heal. Res. Sci., vol. 1, no. 02, pp. 53–63, 2021, doi: 10.34305/jhrs.v1i02.369.
[3] WHO, World health statistics 2025 : Monitoring health for SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. 2025.
[4] Kemenkes, “Situation Report Situation Report Emerging dan Penyakit Infeksi Penyakit KLB dan Wabah Potensial Potensial KLB / Wabah,” 2025.
[5] S. Hartini, R. Septiani, and Y. Eliyani, “Hubungan Rumah Sehat dengan Kejadian ISPA pada Bayi yang Menyusu di Wilayah Puskesmas Talang Betutu Kota Palembang,” J. Penelit. Sains dan Kesehat. Avicenna, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 103–112, 2026.
[6] K. Salsabilla et al., “Profil Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut ( ISPA ) Balita di Beberapa Pelayanan Kesehatan Profile of Antibiotic Use in Infants with Acute Respiratory Infections ( ARI ) in Several Health Services,” Medula, vol. 14, pp. 870–875, 2024.
[7] S. Marika and Z. Abidin, “Manajemen Pengendalian Penyakit ISPA di Puskesmas Bunut Kabupaten Pelalawan Tahun 2025,” J. Innov. Creat., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 5814–5818, 2026.
[8] Kemenkes, “Integrasi Pelayanan Primer untuk Akses dan Pelayanan Kesehatan Lebih Baik,” War. Kesma, vol. 2, p. 42, 2023.
[9] N. P. A. D. Gayatri, P. M. Putri, and N. K. P. Dwiyanti, “Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Pediatri Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit Umum Ganesha,” J. Pharmactive, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 29–39, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.64036/pharmactive.v4i1.
[10] L. M. King, S. V Tsay, L. A. H. Do, D. B. Mph, A. L. Hersh, and L. M. King, “Changes in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Illnesses , 2011 to 2018,” ASHE, vol. 1, pp. 1–8, 2021, doi: 10.1017/ash.2021.230.
[11] F. Firmansyah, I. Suryadi, S. Rachmawati, and N. Fitriani, “Pengaruh Karakteristik Individu dan Perilaku Merokok dengan Gejala ISPA Pengguna Terminal Malangkeri Kota Makasar,” MPPKI, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 507–511, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v6i3.3190.
[12] A. Agung, P. Paramitha, L. I. Aswara, M. Adrianto, A. Devi, and K. Wibowo, “Evaluasi Peresepan Antibiotik pada Pasien ISPA Pediatri Metode ATC / DDD,” J. Kesehat. Amanah, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 29–38, 2023.
[13] P. A. Wori, W. I. Wiyono, and M. Jayanti, “Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Regimen Antibiotik Pada Pasien Pneumonia di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado,” vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2025.
[14] M. Gazali, S. Dewi, I. Melyani, and T. Satriasih, “Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Dengan Metode ATC / DDD dan DU90 % Pada Pasien Bedah Obgin Disalah Satu Rumah Sakit Di Bandung,” Borneo J. Pharmascientech, vol. 09, no. 01, pp. 133–143, 2025.
[15] M. Satria, M. Pua, P. Jiwamurwa, P. Tjitda, M. I. M. Indrawati, and M. Z. Meni, “Profil Penggunaan Antibiotik dengan Metode ATC/DDD pada Pasien Rawat Jalan di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit di Kota Kupang,” J. Farm., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 30–35, 2022.
[16] WHO, Consumption and Rational Use of Antimicrobials in South-East Asia Region. 2024.
[17] WHO, Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assigment. 2026.
[18] E. von Elm, D. G. Altman, M. Egger, S. J. Pocock, P. C. Gøtzsche, and J. P. Vandenbroucke, “The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.,” J. Clin. Epidemiol., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 344–349, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008.
[19] S. Rohmah, A. I. Amal, and E. Melastuti, “Gambaran Health Literacy dan Health Seeking Behaviour pada Pasien ISPA di Puskesmas Bangetayu Semarang Universitas Islam Sultan Agung , Indonesia Lita 2022 Politeknik Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Yogyakarta - Pengaruh Pembelajaran Daring Kelas Ibu Hamil,” An-Najat J. Ilmu Farm. dan Kesehat., vol. 3, no. 2020, pp. 188–195, 2025.
[20] Sulistiawati and I. L. Hilmi, “REVIEW ARTICLE Literature review : factors associated with health-seeking behavior and quality of life in patients with asthma Literature review : faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan health-seeking behavior dan quality of life pada pasien penderita asma,” JPS, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 175–183, 2024.
[21] S. Hollingworth and T. Kairuz, “Measuring Medicine Use : Applying ATC / DDD Methodology to Real-World Data,” Pharm. MDPI, vol. 960, pp. 1–8, 2021.
[22] R. Octavia, N. Warso, N. Tinnisa, and S. D. Angras, “Tingkat Peresepan Antibiotik di Puskesmas Rumbai Kabupaten/Kota Pekanbaru 21-31 Juli 2025 dengan Metode ATC/DDD,” IPSSJ, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 7934–7939, 2025.
[23] A. N. Amalia, A. Susanto, and A. Umayah, “Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Pasien Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut ( ISPA ) Pada Anak Di Instalasi Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit X Tahun 2021,” Media Inf. Penelit. Kabupaten Semarang, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 59–80, 2023.
[24] P. Ahmad et al., “EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE IN NON-PNEUMONIA ARI PATIENTS AT TWO HEALTH CENTERS IN GARUT,” J. Ilm. Farm. Bahari, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 44–58, 2023.
[25] S. Fadjariah, I. Panduwiguna, and L. Nugrahini, “Kerasionalan Pengobatan Antibiotik pada Penyakit ISPA Usia Balita di Puskesmas Keapang Kota Tangerang Periode Januari-Desember 2022,” J. Farm. Kryonaut, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 81–87, 2024.
[26] O. I. Cahyaningsih, I. R. E. Dini, and H. Hardian, “Gambaran Peresepan Metformin pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Nasional Diponegoro Semarang,” Generics J. Res. Pharm., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 37–43, 2021, doi: 10.14710/genres.v1i2.11124.
[27] World Health Organization, he WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) Antibiotics Book. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00683-1.
[28] D. Nurzatusima, A. Kharisma, and H. Puspasari, “Profil Penggunaan Obat Antibiotik Sediaan Oral di Apotek Medika Sungai Pinyuh Periode Januari-Desember 2023,” vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 95–102, 2025.
[29] B. Melinda, “Evaluasi dan analisis hubungan profil kepekaan antibiotik pada profil pasien infeksi saluran kemih di rsud dr. pirngadi di kota medan,” Universitas Muhammadyah Sumatera Utara, 2025.
[30] A. Y. Runtu, R. Tampa, R. V Sakul, S. D. Untu, and F. A. Karauwan, “Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien ISPA Anak Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Siloam Manado,” JBT, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 136–142, 2020.
[31] Izzah, F. N., Sugihantoro, H., Hakim, A., Maulina, N., & Muti'ah, R. (2026). Evaluation of Vaccine Cold Chain Storage at Karangrejo Public Health Center in Tulungagung Regency in 2025. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM), 8(2), 573-582.
[32] Syam, S. M. A., Novrianti, I., & Ubrusun, J. (2025). An Overview of The Implementation of Pharmaceutical Service Standards at Puskesmas in Tarakan City in 2024. JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM), 7(2), 168-176.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahma Dita, Meliasi Nora Pratamarta, Nia Azzahra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright in each article is the property of the Author.
