Effects of Homogenization Time, Stirring Speed, and Temperature on Physicochemical Characteristics of Nanoemulsion Preparation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v9i1.3902Keywords:
Nanoemulsion, Process optimization, Stirring speed, Particle size, Polydispersity indexAbstract
Background: Nanoemulsion performance is influenced by processing conditions; however, the relative contributions of homogenization time, stirring speed, and temperature to various physicochemical attributes are not yet fully understood. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of homogenization time, stirring speed, and temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of nanoemulsions composed of distilled water, candlenut oil, and Span 80, and to determine the optimum processing conditions. Methods: Nanoemulsions were formulated using 11.2% candlenut oil as the oil phase, 81.4% Span 80 as the emulsifier, and 7.4% distilled water as the aqueous phase. The formulations were processed using varying homogenization times (10–20 minutes), stirring speeds (1,000–5,000 rpm), and temperatures (35–55°C). Transmittance, pH, particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) were evaluated and subsequently analyzed using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance to determine the influence of process factors and identify optimum conditions. Results: Stirring speed was the dominant factor affecting transmittance, particle size, and PDI, whereas temperature had the greatest influence on pH. Optimum conditions were achieved at a homogenization time of 20 minutes, a stirring speed of 5,000 rpm, and a temperature of 55°C, yielding a transmittance of 94.7%, a particle size of 86.3 nm, a PDI of 0.11, and a pH of 5.4. Conclusion: Systematic optimization of processing conditions resulted in nanoemulsions with favorable physicochemical characteristics, characterized by high transmittance, small particle size, narrow size distribution, and an acceptable pH.
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